Paleoproterozoic gold deposits at Alta Floresta Mineral Province, Brazil: two overprinted mineralizing events?

Large gold provinces commonly show complicated mineralization histories, and the Paleoproterozoic Alta Floresta, one of Brazil's most exciting Au–Cu mineral provinces, is a good example. The current models define four deposit types, all connected to a single (1.88–1.75 Ga) magmatic–hydrothermal event. However, long Province history, diverse geodynamic environment and older ages of type-1 mineralization weaken the single metallogenic event and enable the hypothesis of overprinted mineral events. By using scale-integrated analyses, we revise the tectonic–geological context, structural–hydrothermal alterations and chlorite–white mica geothermobarometer and propose the type-1 as an older, granitoid-hosted orogenic mineralization with subsequent overprinting by the magmatic–hydrothermal event. The older orogenic gold event developed orogenic gold deposits on WNW-trending shear zones in the Peixoto de Azevedo domain granitic–gneiss rocks. Phengite, biotite, chlorite–carbonate phyllonites (3.3–6.1 kbar, 300–420°C) host fault-fill quartz veins (pyrite–chalcopyrite–magnetite–pyrrhotite–gold–Bi–Ag tellurides). Mg-rich chlorite–phengite is the main alteration footprint for this mineralization type. A younger magmatic–hydrothermal event in the Juruena magmatic–arc rocks produced Ferich chlorite–white mica alteration zones (0.6–4.6 kbar, 120–380°C) and disseminated and stockwork–breccia ore (pyrite–chalcopyrite–gold–molybdenite– Ti minerals–allanite) in porphyry–epithermal deposits. Where the younger mineralization overprints the older, phyllic alteration destroyed the phengite orogenic gold phyllonite Sn+1 foliation. The ages of two pyrite populations (1979 and 1841 Ma) in the older fault-fill veins and molybdenite in late fractures (1805–1782 Ma) or disseminated in the ca. 1.79 Ga syenogranite porphyry suggest more than two episodes of mineralization. These two events differ in their alteration styles, P–T conditions, and structural, mineralogical and textural ore styles. The multi-scale approach enlightens the relationships between the various mineralization events, allowing a new explorational potential within the province.